/ TIME: Almanac 1993 / TIME Almanac 1993.iso / time / 010289 / 01028900.036

< prev

next >

MacOS 8.1

Win98

DOS

view JSON data

view as text

+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000010| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000020| 0b 00 ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000030| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000040| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000050| 50 4c 41 4e 45 54 20 4f | 46 20 54 48 45 20 59 45 |PLANET O|F THE YE|
|00000060| 41 52 2c 20 50 61 67 65 | 20 34 32 01 01 44 65 61 |AR, Page| 42..Dea|
|00000070| 64 6c 79 20 44 61 6e 67 | 65 72 20 49 6e 20 61 20 |dly Dang|er In a |
|00000080| 53 70 72 61 79 20 43 61 | 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 4f |Spray Ca|n......O|
|00000090| 7a 6f 6e 65 2d 64 65 73 | 74 72 6f 79 69 6e 67 20 |zone-des|troying |
|000000a0| 43 46 43 73 20 73 68 6f | 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 62 |CFCs sho|uld be b|
|000000b0| 61 6e 6e 65 64 0d 0a 0d | 0a 42 79 20 4d 69 63 68 |anned...|.By Mich|
|000000c0| 61 65 6c 20 44 2e 20 4c | 65 6d 6f 6e 69 63 6b 0d |ael D. L|emonick.|
|000000d0| 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 |.....   | When th|
|000000e0| 65 79 20 77 65 72 65 20 | 66 69 72 73 74 20 73 79 |ey were |first sy|
|000000f0| 6e 74 68 65 73 69 7a 65 | 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |nthesize|d in the|
|00000100| 20 6c 61 74 65 20 31 39 | 32 30 73 2c 0d 0a 63 68 | late 19|20s,..ch|
|00000110| 6c 6f 72 6f 66 6c 75 6f | 72 6f 63 61 72 62 6f 6e |lorofluo|rocarbon|
|00000120| 73 20 28 43 46 43 73 20 | 66 6f 72 20 73 68 6f 72 |s (CFCs |for shor|
|00000130| 74 29 20 73 65 65 6d 65 | 64 20 74 6f 6f 20 67 6f |t) seeme|d too go|
|00000140| 6f 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 | 20 74 72 75 65 2e 0d 0a |od to be| true...|
|00000150| 54 68 65 73 65 20 72 65 | 6d 61 72 6b 61 62 6c 65 |These re|markable|
|00000160| 20 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 | 6c 73 2c 20 63 6f 6e 73 | chemica|ls, cons|
|00000170| 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 6f | 66 20 63 68 6c 6f 72 69 |isting o|f chlori|
|00000180| 6e 65 2c 20 66 6c 75 6f | 72 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 |ne, fluo|rine and|
|00000190| 0d 0a 63 61 72 62 6f 6e | 20 61 74 6f 6d 73 2c 20 |..carbon| atoms, |
|000001a0| 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 6e 74 | 6f 78 69 63 20 61 6e 64 |are nont|oxic and|
|000001b0| 20 69 6e 65 72 74 2c 20 | 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 20 | inert, |meaning |
|000001c0| 74 68 65 79 20 64 6f 20 | 6e 6f 74 0d 0a 63 6f 6d |they do |not..com|
|000001d0| 62 69 6e 65 20 65 61 73 | 69 6c 79 20 77 69 74 68 |bine eas|ily with|
|000001e0| 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 73 | 75 62 73 74 61 6e 63 65 | other s|ubstance|
|000001f0| 73 2e 20 42 65 63 61 75 | 73 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 |s. Becau|se they |
|00000200| 76 61 70 6f 72 69 7a 65 | 20 61 74 0d 0a 6c 6f 77 |vaporize| at..low|
|00000210| 20 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 | 74 75 72 65 73 2c 20 43 | tempera|tures, C|
|00000220| 46 43 73 20 61 72 65 20 | 70 65 72 66 65 63 74 20 |FCs are |perfect |
|00000230| 61 73 20 63 6f 6f 6c 61 | 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 20 72 |as coola|nts in r|
|00000240| 65 66 72 69 67 65 72 61 | 74 6f 72 73 0d 0a 61 6e |efrigera|tors..an|
|00000250| 64 20 70 72 6f 70 65 6c | 6c 61 6e 74 20 67 61 73 |d propel|lant gas|
|00000260| 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 73 | 70 72 61 79 20 63 61 6e |es for s|pray can|
|00000270| 73 2e 20 53 69 6e 63 65 | 20 43 46 43 73 20 61 72 |s. Since| CFCs ar|
|00000280| 65 20 67 6f 6f 64 0d 0a | 69 6e 73 75 6c 61 74 6f |e good..|insulato|
|00000290| 72 73 2c 20 74 68 65 79 | 20 61 72 65 20 73 74 61 |rs, they| are sta|
|000002a0| 6e 64 61 72 64 20 69 6e | 67 72 65 64 69 65 6e 74 |ndard in|gredient|
|000002b0| 73 20 69 6e 20 70 6c 61 | 73 74 69 63 2d 66 6f 61 |s in pla|stic-foa|
|000002c0| 6d 0d 0a 6d 61 74 65 72 | 69 61 6c 73 20 6c 69 6b |m..mater|ials lik|
|000002d0| 65 20 53 74 79 72 6f 66 | 6f 61 6d 2e 20 42 65 73 |e Styrof|oam. Bes|
|000002e0| 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f |t of all|, the mo|
|000002f0| 73 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f | 6e 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 |st commo|nly used|
|00000300| 0d 0a 43 46 43 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 73 69 6d 70 6c |..CFCs a|re simpl|
|00000310| 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 |e, and t|herefore|
|00000320| 20 63 68 65 61 70 2c 20 | 74 6f 20 6d 61 6e 75 66 | cheap, |to manuf|
|00000330| 61 63 74 75 72 65 2e 0d | 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 54 |acture..|...    T|
|00000340| 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 | 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 |here is |only one|
|00000350| 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d | 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 74 | problem|. When t|
|00000360| 68 65 79 20 65 73 63 61 | 70 65 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 |hey esca|pe into |
|00000370| 74 68 65 0d 0a 61 74 6d | 6f 73 70 68 65 72 65 2c |the..atm|osphere,|
|00000380| 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 43 46 | 43 73 20 61 72 65 20 6d | most CF|Cs are m|
|00000390| 75 72 64 65 72 20 6f 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 76 |urder on| the env|
|000003a0| 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 | 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 43 |ironment|. Each C|
|000003b0| 46 43 0d 0a 6d 6f 6c 65 | 63 75 6c 65 20 69 73 20 |FC..mole|cule is |
|000003c0| 32 30 2c 30 30 30 20 74 | 69 6d 65 73 20 61 73 20 |20,000 t|imes as |
|000003d0| 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e | 74 20 61 74 20 74 72 61 |efficien|t at tra|
|000003e0| 70 70 69 6e 67 20 68 65 | 61 74 20 61 73 20 69 73 |pping he|at as is|
|000003f0| 20 61 0d 0a 6d 6f 6c 65 | 63 75 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 | a..mole|cule of |
|00000400| 43 4f 32 2e 20 53 6f 20 | 43 46 43 73 20 69 6e 63 |CO2. So |CFCs inc|
|00000410| 72 65 61 73 65 20 74 68 | 65 20 67 72 65 65 6e 68 |rease th|e greenh|
|00000420| 6f 75 73 65 20 65 66 66 | 65 63 74 20 66 61 72 20 |ouse eff|ect far |
|00000430| 6f 75 74 0d 0a 6f 66 20 | 70 72 6f 70 6f 72 74 69 |out..of |proporti|
|00000440| 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 69 72 20 63 6f 6e 63 |on to th|eir conc|
|00000450| 65 6e 74 72 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |entratio|n in the|
|00000460| 20 61 69 72 2e 0d 0a 0d | 0a 20 20 20 20 41 20 6d | air....|.    A m|
|00000470| 6f 72 65 20 69 6d 6d 65 | 64 69 61 74 65 20 63 6f |ore imme|diate co|
|00000480| 6e 63 65 72 6e 20 69 73 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 |ncern is| that th|
|00000490| 65 20 63 68 6c 6f 72 69 | 6e 65 20 72 65 6c 65 61 |e chlori|ne relea|
|000004a0| 73 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e | 0d 0a 43 46 43 20 6d 6f |sed when|..CFC mo|
|000004b0| 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 73 20 | 62 72 65 61 6b 20 75 70 |lecules |break up|
|000004c0| 20 64 65 73 74 72 6f 79 | 73 20 6f 7a 6f 6e 65 20 | destroy|s ozone |
|000004d0| 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 | 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6f |molecule|s. The o|
|000004e0| 7a 6f 6e 65 0d 0a 6c 61 | 79 65 72 2c 20 6c 6f 63 |zone..la|yer, loc|
|000004f0| 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 74 72 61 |ated in |the stra|
|00000500| 74 6f 73 70 68 65 72 65 | 2c 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 |tosphere|, betwee|
|00000510| 6e 20 31 30 20 61 6e 64 | 20 33 30 20 6d 69 6c 65 |n 10 and| 30 mile|
|00000520| 73 20 75 70 2c 0d 0a 69 | 73 20 76 69 74 61 6c 20 |s up,..i|s vital |
|00000530| 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 77 | 65 6c 6c 20 62 65 69 6e |to the w|ell bein|
|00000540| 67 20 6f 66 20 70 6c 61 | 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |g of pla|nts and |
|00000550| 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 2e | 20 4f 7a 6f 6e 65 0d 0a |animals.| Ozone..|
|00000560| 6d 6f 6c 65 63 75 6c 65 | 73 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 |molecule|s, which|
|00000570| 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 72 65 | consist| of thre|
|00000580| 65 20 6f 78 79 67 65 6e | 20 61 74 6f 6d 73 2c 20 |e oxygen| atoms, |
|00000590| 61 62 73 6f 72 62 20 6d | 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 0d 0a |absorb m|ost of..|
|000005a0| 74 68 65 20 75 6c 74 72 | 61 76 69 6f 6c 65 74 20 |the ultr|aviolet |
|000005b0| 72 61 64 69 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 |radiatio|n that c|
|000005c0| 6f 6d 65 73 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 |omes fro|m the su|
|000005d0| 6e 2e 20 41 6e 64 0d 0a | 75 6c 74 72 61 76 69 6f |n. And..|ultravio|
|000005e0| 6c 65 74 20 69 73 20 65 | 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 |let is e|xtremely|
|000005f0| 20 64 61 6e 67 65 72 6f | 75 73 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 | dangero|us to li|
|00000600| 66 65 20 6f 6e 20 65 61 | 72 74 68 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a |fe on ea|rth.....|
|00000610| 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 61 6d |    The |small am|
|00000620| 6f 75 6e 74 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 67 |ount tha|t does g|
|00000630| 65 74 20 74 68 72 6f 75 | 67 68 20 74 6f 20 74 68 |et throu|gh to th|
|00000640| 65 20 65 61 72 74 68 27 | 73 0d 0a 73 75 72 66 61 |e earth'|s..surfa|
|00000650| 63 65 20 69 6e 66 6c 69 | 63 74 73 20 70 6c 65 6e |ce infli|cts plen|
|00000660| 74 79 20 6f 66 20 64 61 | 6d 61 67 65 3a 20 62 65 |ty of da|mage: be|
|00000670| 73 69 64 65 73 20 63 61 | 75 73 69 6e 67 20 73 75 |sides ca|using su|
|00000680| 6e 62 75 72 6e 2c 20 74 | 68 65 0d 0a 72 61 79 73 |nburn, t|he..rays|
|00000690| 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 | 65 6e 20 6c 69 6e 6b 65 | have be|en linke|
|000006a0| 64 20 74 6f 20 63 61 74 | 61 72 61 63 74 73 20 61 |d to cat|aracts a|
|000006b0| 6e 64 20 77 65 61 6b 65 | 6e 65 64 20 69 6d 6d 75 |nd weake|ned immu|
|000006c0| 6e 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 | 6d 73 0d 0a 69 6e 20 68 |ne syste|ms..in h|
|000006d0| 75 6d 61 6e 73 20 61 6e | 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 |umans an|d other |
|000006e0| 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c 73 2e | 20 55 6c 74 72 61 76 69 |animals.| Ultravi|
|000006f0| 6f 6c 65 74 20 6c 69 67 | 68 74 20 63 61 72 72 69 |olet lig|ht carri|
|00000700| 65 73 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 | 68 0d 0a 65 6e 65 72 67 |es enoug|h..energ|
|00000710| 79 20 74 6f 20 64 61 6d | 61 67 65 20 44 4e 41 20 |y to dam|age DNA |
|00000720| 61 6e 64 20 74 68 75 73 | 20 64 69 73 72 75 70 74 |and thus| disrupt|
|00000730| 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 | 6b 69 6e 67 73 20 6f 66 | the wor|kings of|
|00000740| 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 2c 0d | 0a 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 | cells,.|.which i|
|00000750| 73 20 77 68 79 20 65 78 | 63 65 73 73 69 76 65 20 |s why ex|cessive |
|00000760| 65 78 70 6f 73 75 72 65 | 20 74 6f 20 73 75 6e 6c |exposure| to sunl|
|00000770| 69 67 68 74 20 69 73 20 | 74 68 6f 75 67 68 74 20 |ight is |thought |
|00000780| 74 6f 20 62 65 0d 0a 74 | 68 65 20 70 72 69 6d 61 |to be..t|he prima|
|00000790| 72 79 20 63 61 75 73 65 | 20 6f 66 20 73 6f 6d 65 |ry cause| of some|
|000007a0| 20 73 6b 69 6e 20 63 61 | 6e 63 65 72 73 2e 0d 0a | skin ca|ncers...|
|000007b0| 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 57 68 | 65 6e 20 73 63 69 65 6e |..    Wh|en scien|
|000007c0| 74 69 73 74 73 20 66 69 | 72 73 74 20 77 61 72 6e |tists fi|rst warn|
|000007d0| 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 31 39 37 30 73 20 |ed in th|e 1970s |
|000007e0| 74 68 61 74 20 43 46 43 | 73 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 0d |that CFC|s could.|
|000007f0| 0a 61 74 74 61 63 6b 20 | 6f 7a 6f 6e 65 2c 20 74 |.attack |ozone, t|
|00000800| 68 65 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 | 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 65 |he U.S. |responde|
|00000810| 64 20 62 79 20 62 61 6e | 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 |d by ban|ning the|
|00000820| 69 72 20 75 73 65 20 69 | 6e 20 73 70 72 61 79 0d |ir use i|n spray.|
|00000830| 0a 63 61 6e 73 2e 20 28 | 4d 61 6e 75 66 61 63 74 |.cans. (|Manufact|
|00000840| 75 72 65 72 73 20 73 77 | 69 74 63 68 65 64 20 74 |urers sw|itched t|
|00000850| 6f 20 73 75 63 68 20 65 | 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 |o such e|nvironme|
|00000860| 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 62 | 65 6e 69 67 6e 0d 0a 73 |ntally b|enign..s|
|00000870| 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 | 65 73 20 61 73 20 62 75 |ubstitut|es as bu|
|00000880| 74 61 6e 65 2c 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 68 65 6d 69 63 |tane, th|e chemic|
|00000890| 61 6c 20 62 75 72 6e 65 | 64 20 69 6e 20 63 69 67 |al burne|d in cig|
|000008a0| 61 72 65 74 74 65 0d 0a | 6c 69 67 68 74 65 72 73 |arette..|lighters|
|000008b0| 2e 29 20 42 75 74 20 74 | 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 |.) But t|he rest |
|000008c0| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 | 6f 72 6c 64 20 63 6f 6e |of the w|orld con|
|000008d0| 74 69 6e 75 65 64 20 74 | 6f 20 75 73 65 20 43 46 |tinued t|o use CF|
|000008e0| 43 2d 62 61 73 65 64 0d | 0a 61 65 72 6f 73 6f 6c |C-based.|.aerosol|
|000008f0| 20 63 61 6e 73 2c 20 61 | 6e 64 20 6f 76 65 72 61 | cans, a|nd overa|
|00000900| 6c 6c 20 43 46 43 20 70 | 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f |ll CFC p|roductio|
|00000910| 6e 20 6b 65 70 74 20 67 | 72 6f 77 69 6e 67 2e 20 |n kept g|rowing. |
|00000920| 54 68 65 0d 0a 74 68 72 | 65 61 74 20 62 65 63 61 |The..thr|eat beca|
|00000930| 6d 65 20 66 61 72 20 63 | 6c 65 61 72 65 72 20 69 |me far c|learer i|
|00000940| 6e 20 31 39 38 35 2c 20 | 77 68 65 6e 20 72 65 73 |n 1985, |when res|
|00000950| 65 61 72 63 68 65 72 73 | 20 72 65 70 6f 72 74 65 |earchers| reporte|
|00000960| 64 20 61 0d 0a 22 68 6f | 6c 65 22 20 69 6e 20 74 |d a.."ho|le" in t|
|00000970| 68 65 20 6f 7a 6f 6e 65 | 20 6c 61 79 65 72 20 6f |he ozone| layer o|
|00000980| 76 65 72 20 41 6e 74 61 | 72 63 74 69 63 61 2e 20 |ver Anta|rctica. |
|00000990| 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 | 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 7a |Although| the siz|
|000009a0| 65 20 6f 66 0d 0a 74 68 | 65 20 68 6f 6c 65 20 76 |e of..th|e hole v|
|000009b0| 61 72 69 65 73 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 |aries wi|th the s|
|000009c0| 65 61 73 6f 6e 73 20 61 | 6e 64 20 77 65 61 74 68 |easons a|nd weath|
|000009d0| 65 72 20 70 61 74 74 65 | 72 6e 73 2c 20 61 74 20 |er patte|rns, at |
|000009e0| 74 69 6d 65 73 0d 0a 41 | 6e 74 61 72 63 74 69 63 |times..A|ntarctic|
|000009f0| 20 6f 7a 6f 6e 65 20 68 | 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 | ozone h|as been |
|00000a00| 64 65 70 6c 65 74 65 64 | 20 62 79 20 61 73 20 6d |depleted| by as m|
|00000a10| 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 35 | 30 25 20 69 6e 20 73 6f |uch as 5|0% in so|
|00000a20| 6d 65 0d 0a 73 70 6f 74 | 73 2e 20 41 73 20 61 20 |me..spot|s. As a |
|00000a30| 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 |result o|f this d|
|00000a40| 69 73 74 75 72 62 69 6e | 67 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f |isturbin|g develo|
|00000a50| 70 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 32 | 34 20 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e |pment, 2|4 nation|
|00000a60| 73 2c 0d 0a 69 6e 63 6c | 75 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 |s,..incl|uding th|
|00000a70| 65 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 61 | 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 53 |e U.S. a|nd the S|
|00000a80| 6f 76 69 65 74 20 55 6e | 69 6f 6e 2c 20 6d 65 74 |oviet Un|ion, met|
|00000a90| 20 69 6e 20 4d 6f 6e 74 | 72 65 61 6c 20 74 77 6f | in Mont|real two|
|00000aa0| 0d 0a 73 75 6d 6d 65 72 | 73 20 61 67 6f 20 61 6e |..summer|s ago an|
|00000ab0| 64 20 61 67 72 65 65 64 | 20 74 6f 20 63 75 74 20 |d agreed| to cut |
|00000ac0| 62 61 63 6b 20 6f 6e 20 | 43 46 43 73 2e 20 54 68 |back on |CFCs. Th|
|00000ad0| 65 20 73 6f 2d 63 61 6c | 6c 65 64 0d 0a 4d 6f 6e |e so-cal|led..Mon|
|00000ae0| 74 72 65 61 6c 20 50 72 | 6f 74 6f 63 6f 6c 20 69 |treal Pr|otocol i|
|00000af0| 73 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e | 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 63 |s design|ed to ac|
|00000b00| 68 69 65 76 65 20 61 20 | 33 35 25 20 6e 65 74 20 |hieve a |35% net |
|00000b10| 72 65 64 75 63 74 69 6f | 6e 20 69 6e 0d 0a 77 6f |reductio|n in..wo|
|00000b20| 72 6c 64 77 69 64 65 20 | 43 46 43 20 70 72 6f 64 |rldwide |CFC prod|
|00000b30| 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 | 79 20 31 39 39 39 2e 0d |uction b|y 1999..|
|00000b40| 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 54 | 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 6e |...    T|hat is n|
|00000b50| 6f 74 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 | 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 2c 20 |ot good |enough, |
|00000b60| 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2e | 20 54 68 65 20 73 61 6d |however.| The sam|
|00000b70| 65 20 73 74 61 62 69 6c | 69 74 79 20 74 68 61 74 |e stabil|ity that|
|00000b80| 0d 0a 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 | 43 46 43 73 20 73 6f 20 |..makes |CFCs so |
|00000b90| 73 61 66 65 20 69 6e 20 | 69 6e 64 75 73 74 72 69 |safe in |industri|
|00000ba0| 61 6c 20 75 73 65 20 6d | 61 6b 65 73 20 74 68 65 |al use m|akes the|
|00000bb0| 6d 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d | 65 6c 79 0d 0a 6c 6f 6e |m extrem|ely..lon|
|00000bc0| 67 2d 6c 69 76 65 64 3a | 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 |g-lived:| some of|
|00000bd0| 20 74 68 65 20 43 46 43 | 73 20 72 65 6c 65 61 73 | the CFC|s releas|
|00000be0| 65 64 20 74 6f 64 61 79 | 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 74 |ed today| will st|
|00000bf0| 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 69 | 6e 0d 0a 74 68 65 20 61 |ill be i|n..the a|
|00000c00| 74 6d 6f 73 70 68 65 72 | 65 20 61 20 63 65 6e 74 |tmospher|e a cent|
|00000c10| 75 72 79 20 66 72 6f 6d | 20 6e 6f 77 2e 20 4d 6f |ury from| now. Mo|
|00000c20| 72 65 6f 76 65 72 2c 20 | 65 61 63 68 20 61 74 6f |reover, |each ato|
|00000c30| 6d 20 6f 66 0d 0a 63 68 | 6c 6f 72 69 6e 65 20 6c |m of..ch|lorine l|
|00000c40| 69 62 65 72 61 74 65 64 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 |iberated| from a |
|00000c50| 43 46 43 20 63 61 6e 20 | 62 72 65 61 6b 20 75 70 |CFC can |break up|
|00000c60| 20 61 73 20 6d 61 6e 79 | 20 61 73 20 31 30 30 2c | as many| as 100,|
|00000c70| 30 30 30 0d 0a 6d 6f 6c | 65 63 75 6c 65 73 20 6f |000..mol|ecules o|
|00000c80| 66 20 6f 7a 6f 6e 65 2e | 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 |f ozone.|....    |
|00000c90| 46 6f 72 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 2c |For that| reason,|
|00000ca0| 20 67 6f 76 65 72 6e 6d | 65 6e 74 73 20 73 68 6f | governm|ents sho|
|00000cb0| 75 6c 64 20 65 6e 73 75 | 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 |uld ensu|re the c|
|00000cc0| 61 72 65 66 75 6c 0d 0a | 68 61 6e 64 6c 69 6e 67 |areful..|handling|
|00000cd0| 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 63 | 79 63 6c 69 6e 67 20 6f | and rec|ycling o|
|00000ce0| 66 20 74 68 65 20 43 46 | 43 73 20 6e 6f 77 20 69 |f the CF|Cs now i|
|00000cf0| 6e 20 75 73 65 2e 20 53 | 61 69 64 20 53 65 6e 61 |n use. S|aid Sena|
|00000d00| 74 6f 72 0d 0a 41 6c 62 | 65 72 74 20 47 6f 72 65 |tor..Alb|ert Gore|
|00000d10| 20 6f 66 20 54 65 6e 6e | 65 73 73 65 65 3a 20 22 | of Tenn|essee: "|
|00000d20| 4d 75 63 68 20 6f 66 20 | 77 68 61 74 20 72 65 61 |Much of |what rea|
|00000d30| 63 68 65 73 20 74 68 65 | 20 61 74 6d 6f 73 70 68 |ches the| atmosph|
|00000d40| 65 72 65 0d 0a 69 73 20 | 6e 6f 74 20 63 6f 6d 69 |ere..is |not comi|
|00000d50| 6e 67 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | 69 6e 64 75 73 74 72 69 |ng from |industri|
|00000d60| 61 6c 20 73 6f 75 72 63 | 65 73 2e 20 49 74 27 73 |al sourc|es. It's|
|00000d70| 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 | 6c 69 6b 65 20 73 6c 6f | things |like slo|
|00000d80| 70 70 79 0d 0a 68 61 6e | 64 6c 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 |ppy..han|dling of|
|00000d90| 20 68 61 6d 62 75 72 67 | 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 | hamburg|er conta|
|00000da0| 69 6e 65 72 73 2e 22 20 | 57 68 65 6e 20 70 6c 61 |iners." |When pla|
|00000db0| 73 74 69 63 2d 66 6f 61 | 6d 20 62 75 72 67 65 72 |stic-foa|m burger|
|00000dc0| 0d 0a 68 6f 6c 64 65 72 | 73 20 61 72 65 20 62 72 |..holder|s are br|
|00000dd0| 6f 6b 65 6e 2c 20 74 68 | 65 20 43 46 43 73 20 74 |oken, th|e CFCs t|
|00000de0| 72 61 70 70 65 64 20 69 | 6e 73 69 64 65 20 65 73 |rapped i|nside es|
|00000df0| 63 61 70 65 2e 20 44 69 | 73 63 61 72 64 65 64 0d |cape. Di|scarded.|
|00000e00| 0a 72 65 66 72 69 67 65 | 72 61 74 6f 72 73 20 72 |.refrige|rators r|
|00000e10| 65 6c 65 61 73 65 20 43 | 46 43 73 20 61 73 20 77 |elease C|FCs as w|
|00000e20| 65 6c 6c 2c 20 61 6e 64 | 2c 20 6e 6f 74 65 64 20 |ell, and|, noted |
|00000e30| 47 6f 72 65 2c 20 61 0d | 0a 73 69 67 6e 69 66 69 |Gore, a.|.signifi|
|00000e40| 63 61 6e 74 20 70 61 72 | 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |cant par|t of the|
|00000e50| 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 63 6f | 6e 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 | U.S. co|ntributi|
|00000e60| 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 43 46 | 43 20 65 6d 69 73 73 69 |on to CF|C emissi|
|00000e70| 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 63 6f 6d | 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 |ons..com|es from |
|00000e80| 22 64 72 61 69 6e 69 6e | 67 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 6f |"drainin|g automo|
|00000e90| 62 69 6c 65 20 61 69 72 | 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 |bile air| conditi|
|00000ea0| 6f 6e 65 72 73 20 61 6e | 64 20 6c 65 61 76 69 6e |oners an|d leavin|
|00000eb0| 67 20 74 68 65 0d 0a 73 | 74 75 66 66 20 69 6e 20 |g the..s|tuff in |
|00000ec0| 70 61 6e 73 20 77 68 65 | 72 65 20 69 74 20 62 6f |pans whe|re it bo|
|00000ed0| 69 6c 73 20 6f 66 66 2e | 22 20 53 75 63 68 20 72 |ils off.|" Such r|
|00000ee0| 65 6c 65 61 73 65 20 6f | 66 20 43 46 43 73 20 63 |elease o|f CFCs c|
|00000ef0| 6f 75 6c 64 0d 0a 62 65 | 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 |ould..be| prevent|
|00000f00| 65 64 20 69 66 20 63 6f | 6e 73 75 6d 65 72 73 20 |ed if co|nsumers |
|00000f10| 61 6e 64 20 62 75 73 69 | 6e 65 73 73 65 73 20 77 |and busi|nesses w|
|00000f20| 65 72 65 20 6f 66 66 65 | 72 65 64 20 63 61 73 68 |ere offe|red cash|
|00000f30| 0d 0a 69 6e 63 65 6e 74 | 69 76 65 73 20 74 6f 20 |..incent|ives to |
|00000f40| 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 62 | 72 6f 6b 65 6e 2d 64 6f |return b|roken-do|
|00000f50| 77 6e 20 61 69 72 20 63 | 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e |wn air c|ondition|
|00000f60| 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 0d | 0a 72 65 66 72 69 67 65 |ers and.|.refrige|
|00000f70| 72 61 74 6f 72 73 20 74 | 6f 20 61 75 74 6f 20 61 |rators t|o auto a|
|00000f80| 6e 64 20 61 70 70 6c 69 | 61 6e 63 65 20 64 65 61 |nd appli|ance dea|
|00000f90| 6c 65 72 73 2e 20 54 68 | 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 |lers. Th|en the u|
|00000fa0| 6e 69 74 73 0d 0a 63 6f | 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 73 |nits..co|uld be s|
|00000fb0| 65 6e 74 20 62 61 63 6b | 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 |ent back| to the |
|00000fc0| 6d 61 6e 75 66 61 63 74 | 75 72 65 72 73 20 73 6f |manufact|urers so|
|00000fd0| 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 | 65 20 43 46 43 73 20 63 | that th|e CFCs c|
|00000fe0| 6f 75 6c 64 0d 0a 62 65 | 20 72 65 75 73 65 64 2e |ould..be| reused.|
|00000ff0| 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 | 57 68 69 6c 65 20 72 65 |....    |While re|
|00001000| 63 79 63 6c 69 6e 67 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 65 6c |cycling |will hel|
|00001010| 70 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6f | 6e 6c 79 20 73 75 72 65 |p, the o|nly sure|
|00001020| 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 | 73 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 | way to |save the|
|00001030| 0d 0a 6f 7a 6f 6e 65 20 | 69 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d |..ozone |is a com|
|00001040| 70 6c 65 74 65 20 62 61 | 6e 20 6f 6e 20 43 46 43 |plete ba|n on CFC|
|00001050| 20 6d 61 6e 75 66 61 63 | 74 75 72 65 2c 20 77 68 | manufac|ture, wh|
|00001060| 69 63 68 20 73 68 6f 75 | 6c 64 20 62 65 0d 0a 70 |ich shou|ld be..p|
|00001070| 68 61 73 65 64 20 6f 75 | 74 20 6f 76 65 72 20 74 |hased ou|t over t|
|00001080| 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 | 66 69 76 65 20 79 65 61 |he next |five yea|
|00001090| 72 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 74 | 75 6e 61 74 65 6c 79 2c |rs. Fort|unately,|
|000010a0| 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 0d | 0a 4d 6f 6e 74 72 65 61 | as the.|.Montrea|
|000010b0| 6c 20 50 72 6f 74 6f 63 | 6f 6c 20 64 65 6d 6f 6e |l Protoc|ol demon|
|000010c0| 73 74 72 61 74 65 73 2c | 20 62 61 6e 6e 69 6e 67 |strates,| banning|
|000010d0| 20 43 46 43 73 20 77 69 | 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 66 61 | CFCs wi|ll be fa|
|000010e0| 72 0d 0a 73 69 6d 70 6c | 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 |r..simpl|er than |
|000010f0| 72 65 64 75 63 69 6e 67 | 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 64 |reducing| other d|
|00001100| 61 6e 67 65 72 6f 75 73 | 20 67 61 73 65 73 2e 20 |angerous| gases. |
|00001110| 22 54 68 65 20 43 46 43 | 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 |"The CFC| produce|
|00001120| 72 73 0d 0a 61 72 65 20 | 61 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 |rs..are |a small |
|00001130| 63 6c 75 62 20 6f 66 20 | 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 69 65 |club of |countrie|
|00001140| 73 2c 22 20 73 61 69 64 | 20 42 72 69 63 65 20 4c |s," said| Brice L|
|00001150| 61 6c 6f 6e 64 65 2c 20 | 46 72 61 6e 63 65 27 73 |alonde, |France's|
|00001160| 0d 0a 45 6e 76 69 72 6f | 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 53 65 |..Enviro|nment Se|
|00001170| 63 72 65 74 61 72 79 2e | 20 42 75 74 20 61 20 62 |cretary.| But a b|
|00001180| 61 6e 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 | 20 61 64 6d 69 74 74 65 |an could| admitte|
|00001190| 64 6c 79 20 62 65 0d 0a | 65 63 6f 6e 6f 6d 69 63 |dly be..|economic|
|000011a0| 61 6c 6c 79 20 64 69 73 | 72 75 70 74 69 76 65 20 |ally dis|ruptive |
|000011b0| 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 | 6e 74 69 72 65 20 77 6f |to the e|ntire wo|
|000011c0| 72 6c 64 3a 20 74 68 65 | 20 61 6e 6e 75 61 6c 20 |rld: the| annual |
|000011d0| 6d 61 72 6b 65 74 0d 0a | 66 6f 72 20 43 46 43 73 |market..|for CFCs|
|000011e0| 20 69 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 | 20 24 32 2e 32 20 62 69 | is some| $2.2 bi|
|000011f0| 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 2e 20 54 | 68 65 20 53 6f 76 69 65 |llion. T|he Sovie|
|00001200| 74 20 55 6e 69 6f 6e 2c | 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 |t Union,| which i|
|00001210| 73 20 61 0d 0a 68 65 61 | 76 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 |s a..hea|vy user |
|00001220| 6f 66 20 43 46 43 73 2c | 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 |of CFCs,| will ha|
|00001230| 76 65 20 61 20 70 61 72 | 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 6c |ve a par|ticularl|
|00001240| 79 20 74 6f 75 67 68 20 | 74 69 6d 65 20 70 68 61 |y tough |time pha|
|00001250| 73 69 6e 67 0d 0a 6f 75 | 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 |sing..ou|t the ch|
|00001260| 65 6d 69 63 61 6c 73 2e | 20 22 49 20 61 67 72 65 |emicals.| "I agre|
|00001270| 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 | 68 65 20 62 61 6e 20 69 |e with t|he ban i|
|00001280| 6e 20 70 72 69 6e 63 69 | 70 6c 65 2c 22 20 73 61 |n princi|ple," sa|
|00001290| 69 64 0d 0a 56 6c 61 64 | 69 6d 69 72 20 53 61 6b |id..Vlad|imir Sak|
|000012a0| 68 61 72 6f 76 2c 20 61 | 20 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 |harov, a| member |
|000012b0| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 53 | 6f 76 69 65 74 20 53 74 |of the S|oviet St|
|000012c0| 61 74 65 20 43 6f 6d 6d | 69 74 74 65 65 20 66 6f |ate Comm|ittee fo|
|000012d0| 72 0d 0a 45 6e 76 69 72 | 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c |r..Envir|onmental|
|000012e0| 20 50 72 6f 74 65 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 2c 20 22 62 75 | Protect|ion, "bu|
|000012f0| 74 20 69 6e 20 70 72 61 | 63 74 69 63 65 20 69 74 |t in pra|ctice it|
|00001300| 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 | 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 | will be| extreme|
|00001310| 6c 79 0d 0a 64 69 66 66 | 69 63 75 6c 74 2e 20 4f |ly..diff|icult. O|
|00001320| 75 72 20 65 63 6f 6e 6f | 6d 79 20 69 73 20 6e 6f |ur econo|my is no|
|00001330| 74 20 61 73 20 66 6c 65 | 78 69 62 6c 65 20 61 73 |t as fle|xible as|
|00001340| 20 6f 74 68 65 72 73 2e | 22 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 | others.|"....   |
|00001350| 20 54 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 | 20 74 68 65 20 74 72 61 | To make| the tra|
|00001360| 6e 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 65 61 73 69 65 72 2c 20 |nsition |easier, |
|00001370| 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c | 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e 69 |chemical| compani|
|00001380| 65 73 20 61 72 65 0d 0a | 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 |es are..|working |
|00001390| 68 61 72 64 20 74 6f 20 | 66 69 6e 64 20 70 72 61 |hard to |find pra|
|000013a0| 63 74 69 63 61 6c 20 73 | 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 |ctical s|ubstitut|
|000013b0| 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 43 | 46 43 73 2e 20 54 68 65 |es for C|FCs. The|
|000013c0| 20 6d 6f 73 74 0d 0a 70 | 72 6f 6d 69 73 69 6e 67 | most..p|romising|
|000013d0| 20 61 70 70 72 6f 61 63 | 68 20 73 6f 20 66 61 72 | approac|h so far|
|000013e0| 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 75 | 73 65 20 43 46 43 20 66 | is to u|se CFC f|
|000013f0| 61 6d 69 6c 79 20 6d 65 | 6d 62 65 72 73 20 74 68 |amily me|mbers th|
|00001400| 61 74 20 61 72 65 0d 0a | 63 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c |at are..|chemical|
|00001410| 6c 79 20 61 6c 74 65 72 | 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 |ly alter|ed to ma|
|00001420| 6b 65 20 74 68 65 6d 20 | 6c 65 73 73 20 64 61 6e |ke them |less dan|
|00001430| 67 65 72 6f 75 73 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 0d 0a 65 |gerous t|o the..e|
|00001440| 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 | 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 |nvironme|nt. The |
|00001450| 63 68 6c 6f 72 69 6e 65 | 2d 66 72 65 65 20 73 75 |chlorine|-free su|
|00001460| 62 73 74 61 6e 63 65 20 | 48 46 43 2d 31 33 34 61 |bstance |HFC-134a|
|00001470| 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 | 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 0d 0a |, for ex|ample,..|
|00001480| 69 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 | 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 74 |is most |likely t|
|00001490| 6f 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 | 64 20 69 6e 20 72 65 66 |o be use|d in ref|
|000014a0| 72 69 67 65 72 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 64 65 76 69 63 |rigerati|on devic|
|000014b0| 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 | 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 6d |es..... |   The m|
|000014c0| 61 6a 6f 72 20 64 72 61 | 77 62 61 63 6b 20 74 6f |ajor dra|wback to|
|000014d0| 20 43 46 43 20 73 75 62 | 73 74 69 74 75 74 65 73 | CFC sub|stitutes|
|000014e0| 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 | 68 69 67 68 20 63 6f 73 | is the |high cos|
|000014f0| 74 20 6f 66 0d 0a 6d 61 | 6b 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 |t of..ma|king the|
|00001500| 6d 2e 20 49 74 20 6d 61 | 79 20 62 65 20 74 68 61 |m. It ma|y be tha|
|00001510| 74 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 | 62 65 74 74 65 72 20 6d |t until |better m|
|00001520| 61 6e 75 66 61 63 74 75 | 72 69 6e 67 0d 0a 74 65 |anufactu|ring..te|
|00001530| 63 68 6e 69 71 75 65 73 | 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 76 |chniques| are dev|
|00001540| 65 6c 6f 70 65 64 2c 20 | 63 6f 6e 73 75 6d 65 72 |eloped, |consumer|
|00001550| 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 | 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 70 |s will h|ave to p|
|00001560| 61 79 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 | 66 6f 72 0d 0a 61 66 66 |ay more |for..aff|
|00001570| 65 63 74 65 64 20 70 72 | 6f 64 75 63 74 73 2e 20 |ected pr|oducts. |
|00001580| 54 68 65 20 70 72 6f 73 | 70 65 63 74 20 69 73 20 |The pros|pect is |
|00001590| 6e 6f 74 20 61 20 70 6c | 65 61 73 61 6e 74 20 6f |not a pl|easant o|
|000015a0| 6e 65 2c 20 62 75 74 20 | 69 74 20 69 73 0d 0a 61 |ne, but |it is..a|
|000015b0| 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 70 | 72 69 63 65 20 74 6f 20 | small p|rice to |
|000015c0| 70 61 79 20 66 6f 72 20 | 63 75 72 62 69 6e 67 20 |pay for |curbing |
|000015d0| 74 68 65 20 67 72 65 65 | 6e 68 6f 75 73 65 20 65 |the gree|nhouse e|
|000015e0| 66 66 65 63 74 20 61 6e | 64 0d 0a 73 61 76 69 6e |ffect an|d..savin|
|000015f0| 67 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 | 66 65 2d 70 72 65 73 65 |g the li|fe-prese|
|00001600| 72 76 69 6e 67 20 6f 7a | 6f 6e 65 20 6c 61 79 65 |rving oz|one laye|
|00001610| 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a |                         |r.......|        |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+